Zingerone alleviates the delayed ventricular repolarization and AV conduction in diabetes: Effect on cardiac fibrosis and inflammation

Figures

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  Fig 1. The impact of 20 mg/kg zingerone orally administered every day on cardiac ECG parameters QT (A), QTc (B), PR interval (C) and P-duration (D) in rats with diabetes (D) induced with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and in control rats. (E) are representative cardiac ECG recordings. Expression of values takes the form of mean ± SD for N = 6–8 rats. According to the one-way ANOVA and Newman Keuls’ post-hoc test, by comparison to the control group value and D group value, *P<0.05 and #P<0.05, respectively.

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  Fig 2. The impact of 20 mg/kg zingerone (Z) orally administered every day on cardiac tissue transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) content (A) and immunofluorescence (B) in rats with diabetes (D) induced with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and in control rats. Expression of values takes the form of mean ± SD for N = 6–8 rats. According to the one-way ANOVA and Newman Keuls’ post-hoc test, by comparison to the control group value and D group value, *P<0.05 and #P<0.05, respectively. The right-hand side micrographs (C) are representative fluorescence images showing immunofluorescence of 5μm thick heart cross-sections stained with TGFβ1 antibodies and then with Alexa fluor conjugated secondary antibodies.

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  Fig 3. The impact of 20 mg/kg zingerone (Z) orally administered every day on collagen deposition in heart longitudinal (LS) and transverse (TS) sections stained with Masson Trichrome of rats with diabetes (D) induced with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and in control (C) rats. Collagen fibres are stained blue. The solid arrows indicate degenerated cardiac muscle fibers, hollow stars indicate patches of fibrous tissue.

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  Fig 4. The impact of 20 mg/kg zingerone (Z) orally administered every day on serum level of adiponectin in rats with diabetes (D) induced with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and in control rats. Expression of values takes the form of mean ± SD for N = 6–8 rats. According to the one-way ANOVA and Newman Keuls’ post-hoc test, by comparison to the control group value and D group value, *P<0.05 and #P<0.05, respectively.

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  Fig 5. The impact of 20 mg/kg zingerone orally administered every day on urine 8-isoprostane level and serum uric acid level in rats with diabetes (D) induced with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and in control rats. Expression of values takes the form of mean ± SD for N = 6–8 rats. According to the one-way ANOVA and Newman Keuls’ post-hoc test, by comparison to the control group value and D group value, *P<0.05 and #P<0.05, respectively.

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  Fig 6. The impact of 20 mg/kg zingerone orally administered every day on cardiac catalase activity (A) angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) immunofluorescence (B) in rats with diabetes (D) induced with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and in control rats. Expression of values takes the form of mean ± SD for N = 6–8 rats. According to the one-way ANOVA and Newman Keuls’ post-hoc test, by comparison to the control group value and D group value, *P<0.05 and #P<0.05, respectively. The right-hand side micrographs (C) are representative fluorescence images showing immunofluorescence of 5μm thick heart cross-sections stained with AT1 antibodies and then with Alexa fluor conjugated secondary antibodies.