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The complex ac penetration depth, surface impedance, and susceptibility are calculated for a superconducting half space and film containing a vortex lattice of arbitrary orientation with respect to the surface. Within linear response theory, full account is taken of the correct boundary conditions (image vortices), diffuse driving force and nonlocal elasticity of the vortex lattice, collective and individual elastic pinning, flux flow (viscous drag), and thermally activated depinning (creep).
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Ernst Helmut Brandt (1991) studied this question.
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