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The chopper amplifier described herein, using a 60-cps vibrating-contact modulator and whole-loop negative feedback, has a stabilized gain of 107 from dc to 10 cps. After the input circuits have reached thermal equilibrium, the zero drift is less than ±10−9 v per hour and less than 2×10−9 v per day.
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P. C. Hoell (1958) studied this question.
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