Radiation of ELF/VLF waves by harmonically varying currents into a stratified ionosphere with application to radiation by a modulated electrojet

We use a full‐wave finite element approach inspired by the mode calculation method of Wait (1970) to calculate electromagnetic fields in a horizontally stratified ionosphere treated as a magnetized plasma. The source currents can have arbitrary vertical and horizontal distributions. The electromagnetic field is calculated both in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide (at arbitrary horizontal distance and direction) and in the ionosphere (as an upward propagating whistler mode wave). This method requires less computational resources than traditional FDFD and FDTD methods, while providing results with similar accuracy. The model is applied to the radiation of ELF/VLF waves from modulated HF‐heated electrojet currents, and the calculated values are compared to ground and satellite observations.