We introduce a pin-hole free CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI 3−x Cl x perovskite layer by using heated airflow during the nucleation stage. We control the nucleation stage which gives a pin-hole free planar perovskite with large grains, resulting in a maximum power point (MPP) efficiency of 14.3% and a high efficiency of 19.0% with reproducibility.
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Song et al. (2016) studied this question.
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