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In search of a better recipe: Bigger is better. On changing from strong donor–acceptor pairs to very weak ones, divalent 4,4′-bipyridine was no longer a suitable filler ligand to give cyclized metal–ligand coordination [2]catenanes. The choice of 2,7-diazapyrene, which has a larger π surface, proved to be essential in providing extra stabilization interactions to ensure efficient assembly (see figure).
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Koshkakaryan et al. (2008) studied this question.
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