Module 4: Sensors and Effectors

Signalling pathways regulate cellular processes by acting through sensors to stimulate the downstream effectors that are responsible for controlling different cellular processes. In some cases, these effectors might be relatively simple, consisting of a single downstream effector system, whereas there are more complicated effectors made up of multiple components such as those driving processes such as membrane and protein trafficking, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, motor proteins, gene transcription, gene silencing and actin remodelling.