Advancements in the Optimization of Surgical Timing in Elderly Patients with Hip Fractures: A Narrative Review and Future Perspectives

Figures

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  Figure 1. Impact of early surgery on outcomes following Hip fracture surgery.Dependencies among factors involved in early surgical timing (defined as within 6–12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours) and outcomes including complications, mortality, economic implications, readmission rate, functional outcomes, length of hospital stay, and pain. The arrows represent the relations between variables reported in the reviewed literature, where the solid arrows represent definitively directional dependencies between the variables and the dashed arrow represents the controversial association between the variables. The blue arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from observational studies. The purple arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from interventional studies. The Orange arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from meta-analysis studies. The green arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from guidelines.

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  Figure 2. Impact of delayed surgery on outcomes following Hip fracture surgery.Dependencies among factors involved in delayed surgical timing (defined as beyond 72 hours, 96 hours, and 120 hours) and outcomes including complications, mortality, economic implications, readmission rate, functional outcomes, length of hospital stay, and pain. The arrows represent the relations between variables reported in the reviewed literature, where the solid arrows represent definitively directional dependencies between the variables and the dashed arrow represents the controversial association between the variables. The blue arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from observational studies. The purple arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from interventional studies. The Orange arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from meta-analysis studies. The green arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from guidelines.

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  Figure 3. Influencing factors for surgical timing.Factors influencing time to Hip fracture surgery. The arrows represent the relations between factors and surgical timing reported in the reviewed literature. The solid arrows represent definitively directional dependencies between the variables. The dashed arrow represents the controversial association between the variables. The blue arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from observational studies. The purple arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from interventional studies. The Orange arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from meta-analysis studies. The green arrows indicate that the level of evidence is from guidelines.