Population structure and domestication history of the Javan banteng

= 0.14), relatively young (10,356 years), and accompanied by post-divergence gene flow. We found only weak signals of a domestication bottleneck between ∼6,100 and 2,900 years ago, and genetic diversity was, on average, higher in domestic than in wild banteng. Despite the soft domestication history, we found 36 candidate genes potentially under selection during domestication, with the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) of particular interest due to the robust selection signal across methods and its known association with metabolism, obesity, and energy homeostasis. Finally, genetic load estimation revealed that Bali cattle in Australia have high realized load, whereas Bali cattle from Bali have high masked load. These findings provide the first genomic insights into an understudied bovine that is critically endangered in its wild form and agriculturally important in its domesticated form.