Complexity AF score as a novel marker of atrial fibrillation instability

Figures

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  Fig. 1. (Top) Randomly selected 30-s ECG traces of four representative patients P1–P4 with Low ABF (P1, P2, left box) and High AFB (P3, P4, right box) with corresponding values of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${EB}_{DF}$$\end{document}EBDF. (Bottom) Poincaré plots for these patients with corresponding values of SD1/SD2. AFB atrial fibrillation burden, DF dominant frequency, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${EB}_{DF}$$\end{document}EBDF EB values derived from DF approach.

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  Fig. 2. Histograms illustrating the distributions of (a) DF, (b) MSF, (c) MSE, and (d) SE values over a 20-h duration for Low AFB (patients P1–P2, blues) and High AFB (patients P3–P4, reds). To assess \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${EB}_{[appr]}$$\end{document}EB[appr] for DF, MSF, MSE, and SE approaches, one needs to determine the ratio of values that are located outside one standard deviation (SD, dashed vertical line) in the overall distribution. The black vertical lines denote the means of the distribution. AFB atrial fibrillation burden, EB electrical burden, [appr] approaches, DF dominant frequency, MSF multi-scale frequency, MSE multi-scale entropy, SE Shannon entropy.

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  Fig. 3. Relationship between AFB, EB, and Poincaré metrics. AFB-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${EB}_{[appr]}$$\end{document}EB[appr] scatter plots for (a) DF, (b) MSF, (d) MSE, and (e) SE (n = 50 patients, blue circles). The high-risk area exhibiting H AFB and H \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${EB}_{[appr]}$$\end{document}EB[appr] is shaded in grey. AFB-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${Poincar\acute{e} }\text{ parameter}$$\end{document}Poincare´parameter scatter plots for (c) SD1/SD2, (f) its standard deviation of SD1/SD2 (STD). The high-risk area exhibiting H AFB and H Poincaré metric is also shaded in…

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  Fig. 4. Comparison of complexity AF scores between terminated and non-terminated AF groups. (a–c) Individual \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$AFB$$\end{document}AFB, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$<EB>$$\end{document}<EB>, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$Poincar\acute{e}$$\end{document}Poincare´ metrics used to differentiate between terminated (n = 17, white) and non-terminated AF group (n = 33, red). (d) The Complexity AF score, integrating all three metrics. Statistical significance between terminated and non-terminated group distributions is indicated by a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (p-value =…