Automation of task processes: An example of intelligent transportation systems

The sophistication of advanced automated technologies offer unprecedented opportunities to improve system and operator safety, efficiency, and comfort. However, these applications fundamentally alter the task process by virtue of the degree of automatic control these systems may exert over levels of the task (i.e., control, tactical, strategic). This article presents a discussion of the possible deleterious effects of automated technology in the transport context in relation to Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). The potential deleterious effects of ITS include (a) shifting the driver out-of-the-loop, such that situation awareness and responsiveness to critical events may be impaired, and (b) behavioral adaptation that undermines system effectiveness. Examples of both effects are presented in relation to an evaluation of an experimental Adaptive Cruise Control system. The importance of considering these effects as part of a formal evaluation protocol is identified in order to maximize the design benefits of ITS. A framework and methodology for the evaluation of automated systems is proposed.