Large-Eddy/Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulations of Sonic Injection into Mach 2 Crossflow

Computational predictions of transverse injection of air, helium, and ethylene into a Mach 1.98 crossflow of air are presented. A hybrid large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier―Stokes turbulence model is used. A blending function, dependent on modeled turbulence variables, is used to shift the turbulence closure from the Menter t-ω model near solid surfaces to a Smagorinsky subgrid model in the outer part of the incoming boundary layer and in the jet mixing zone. The results show reasonably good agreement with time-averaged Mie-scattering images of the plume structure for both helium and air injection and with experimental surface pressure distributions, even though the penetration of the jet into the crossflow is slightly overpredicted. Predictions of ethylene mole fraction at several transverse stations within the plume are in good agreement with time-averaged Raman-scattering mole-fraction data. The model results are used to examine the validity of the commonly used assumption of the constant turbulent Schmidt number in the intense mixing zone downstream of the injection location. The assumption of a constant turbulent Schmidt is shown to be inadequate for jet mixing dominated by large-scale entrainment.