The results of a study of sixteen coastal midden-like deposits in southern New South Wales indicate that many such deposits are not undisturbed Aboriginal middens, but have been re-worked by storm waves. These re-worked middens are characterized by the presence of one or more of the following : shells of species and sizes not thought to be eaten by Aborigines, marine shell grit, water-worn shells, rounded pebbles and pumice.
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Hughes et al. (1974) studied this question.