F, Ca co-doped TiO2 was synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal method. After doping with F, electrons can be simultaneously excited from valence band to the F doping energy level. The smaller crystal size caused by doping with Ca can exhibit more powerful redox ability and the efficient separation of photogenerated hole-electron pairs. Therefore, F, Ca co-doped TiO2 exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity.
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Fu et al. (2014) studied this question.
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