Vascular AbnormalitiesThe genesis of congestive heart failure in uremia includes a number of factors, some of which are obvious and some more obscure. Anemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in advanced renal failure obviously contribute. Increased intravascular volume and plasma volume are certainly involved, but the correlation is not an exact one.83 "High-output" congestive heart failure has been noted in a number of patients3 and may be in part due to anemia. On the other hand, the metabolic abnormalities of uremia are many, and some of the characteristics of this state of high-output failure suggest that it may have . . .
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Merrill et al. (1970) studied this question.
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