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The occurrence and relative frequency of 109 species of mountain plant in Norway in 75 grid squares were related statistically to 11 explanatory variables representing modern geography, topography, bedrock geology, and climate and, as a historical variable, the relative abundance of unglaciated areas. The numerical analyses involved (partial) constrained ordinations and associated Monte Carlo permutation tests. They were designed to answer the following questions: (1) Are any of the 11 explanatory variables statistically significant in explaining the distribution patterns of different species groups?, (2) How much of the variance in the species data is explained by geography and topography, climate, geology, and unglaciated areas
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H. J. B. Birks (1993) studied this question.
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