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Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs when there is an imbalance in the immune microenvironment, leading to ongoing and excessive inflammation. Numerous immunomodulatory therapies have been suggested for the treatment of AKI, the current immunomodulatory treatment delivery systems are suboptimal and lack efficiency. Given the lack of effective treatment, AKI can result in multi-organ dysfunction and even death, imposing a significant healthcare burden on both the family and society. This underscores the necessity for innovative treatment delivery systems, such as nanomaterials, to better control pathological inflammation, and ultimately enhance AKI treatment outcomes. Despite the modification of numerous immunomodulatory nanomaterials to target the AKI immune microenvironment with promising therapeutic results, the literature concerning their intersection is scarce. In this article, the pathophysiological processes of AKI are outlined, focusing on the immune microenvironment, discuss significant advances in the comprehension of AKI recovery, and describe the multifunctionality and suitability of nanomaterial-based immunomodulatory treatments in managing AKI. The main obstacles and potential opportunities in the swiftly advancing research field are also clarified.
Zhang et al. (2025) studied this question.