Subionospheric very low frequency (VLF) signal perturbations observed at multiple sites in association with individual lightning discharges exhibit onset delays which steadily increase with increasing L ‐value. The timing of the onsets and the inferred spatial extent (∼1000 km) of the ionospheric disturbance are consistent with those expected for electron precipitation induced by obliquely propagating (i.e., nonducted) whistlers.
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Johnson et al. (1999) studied this question.
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