We analyze the physics of three-level and four-level systems for optically pumped far-infrared quantum well lasers. The higher complexity of the four-level system offers a great advantage because it gives more flexibility to design the dipole matrix elements and phonon scattering rates to enhance both the gain and emission efficiency. We propose a four-level scheme that is superior in gain and emission efficiency by an order of magnitude over previous designs.
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Lyubomirsky et al. (1998) studied this question.
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