Differences between the Filling Velocities of the Left and Right Heart Ventricle in Racing Pigeons (Columba livia F. Domestica) and the Influence of Anesthesia with Isoflurane

Figures

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  Figure 1. Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiographic images of a conscious healthy racing pigeon of the left (a) and the right (b) atrioventricular blood flow using right parasternal approach. Diastolic blood flow: E: early passive ventricular filling; A: active ventricular filling. Electrocardiogram: P: P wave; S: S wave; and T: T wave.

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  Figure 2. Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiographic images of a conscious healthy racing pigeon of the left (a) and the right (b) atrioventricular blood flow depending on heart rate (left a: 166–244; right b: 173–240) using right parasternal approach. Diastolic blood flow: E: early passive ventricular filling; A: active ventricular filling; and EA: fused E and A wave. Electrocardiogram: P: P wave; S: S wave; and T: T wave.

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  Figure 3. Color Doppler echocardiographic image of the early passive ventricular filling blood flow (a) and the late active ventricular blood inflow (b) of a conscious healthy racing pigeon using the right parasternal approach. 1: left ventricle; 2: left atrium; 3: right ventricle; and 4: right atrium. The red color visualizes the atrioventricular blood flow. Electrocardiogram: P: P wave; S: S wave; and T: T wave.

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  Figure 4. Color flow image of the left atrioventricular valve region of an anesthetized racing pigeon with a valvular insufficiency (blue color) in the preejection period after the active ventricular filling and before the systolic ventricular contraction (red mark on electrocardiogram). 1: left ventricle; 2: left atrium, and 3: right ventricle. Electrocardiogram: P: P wave; S: S wave; and T: T wave.

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  Figure 5. Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiographic image of the left atrioventricular valve region of an anaesthetized healthy racing pigeon. Diastolic blood flow: EA: fused E and A wave. a: left atrioventricular insufficiency; b: part of systolic flow in left ventricle. Electrocardiogram: P: P wave; S: S wave; and T: T wave.