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A simple model is proposed to describe the propagation of the electromagnetic (EM) wave in gradually ionized plasmas. Particle simulation with particle-in-cell code is performed to verify this model. The frequency spectrum of the EM wave is studied in detail, and a new way to broaden the frequency of the wave effectively is proposed. The reflection and transmission of the EM wave in such plasmas are also discussed.
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He et al. (2005) studied this question.
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