Bifunctional Acid–Base Cooperativity in Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions: Advances in Silica Supported Organic Functional Groups

Work together: Bifunctional catalysis using homogeneous acid and base affords neutralization in the same reactor, however the recovery, reuse, and handling of such homogenous reagents is difficult. The recent progress in the state-of-the-art synthesis methods for the development of heterogeneous acid–base bifunctional catalysts and their catalytic applications in various carbon–carbon coupling reactions is reviewed.