The one-pot conversion of fructose to γ-valerolactone (GVL) in GVL as solvent was confirmed by monitoring the dehydration of 13 C 6 - d -fructose to 13 C 6 -5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde ( 13 C 6 -HMF), the hydration of 13 C 6 -HMF to 13 C 5 -levulinic and 13 C-formic acids, followed by their conversion to 13 C 5 -GVL.
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Qi et al. (2012) studied this question.
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