A formal notation has been defined for the purposes of capturing a narrative, especially a legal narrative. In various papers, this technique has been applied to various accounts of individual (usually personal) identity being uncertain, and of a process of detection to the satisfaction of some agent(s). For example, in Part II, a narrative was formalized in which detecting the real personal identity of a given individual is associated with one's likeness: the man was eventually identified based on a portrait, notwithstanding his claiming a different identity. Portraits, or even likeness retention from processed remains (by taxidermy), are sometimes used to categorize a kind. In this paper, a case about deception in scholarship is set in formulae: in the 1990s, controversy surrounded an important bird collection; it was claimed that some specimens had been stolen, restuffed, and relabeled. It is shown how to represent this without trivializing the matter, and how to give proper leeway to conflicting considerations.
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Ephraim Nissan (2003) studied this question.