Because of more stringent water quality requirements, many water utilities must reevaluate the operation of plant facilities to determine that optimum water quality is being provided in the most efficient and cost effective manner. Modifying unit processes of surface water filtration plants such as rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and process control can improve finished water quality, reduce operating costs, and often increase plant capacity at a fraction of the cost for new plant construction.
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Forbes et al. (1980) studied this question.
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