Key result
Autonomous artificial intelligence and physician-led medical care present distinct advantages and disadvantages for delivering optimal patient outcomes.
Design
Editorial
Captured external expert commentary on this paper, strongest first. Original sources are linked where available.
“AI alone will provide better medical care than physicians, or even physicians working with AI. AI will likely be ready to be deployed for real-world cognitive medical tasks in some, maybe many, workflows by 2030.”
“Although integrating humans in the loop catches some AI errors and adds insights, it also introduces errors when humans contribute errors and incorrectly overrule AI. Humans perform poorly at deciding when to trust AI, especially when AI exceeds them.”
“Data from medicine and other fields suggest that when AI alone performance is consistently superior to human-alone performance, AI alone surpasses human-AI hybrids. Paradoxically, hybrid care in which humans are in (or on) the loop to correct AI errors is likely to worsen rather than improve AI performance.”
This perspective discusses the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of autonomous AI versus AI-aided physicians in medical care.
This Perspective discusses the advantages and disadvantages of physician-led medical care vs that provided by artificial intelligence (AI).
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Emanuel et al. (2026) studied this question. Autonomous artificial intelligence and physician-led medical care present distinct advantages and disadvantages for delivering optimal patient outcomes.
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