Restriction enzyme analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus), Carolina Chickadee (P. carolinensis), and Tufted Titmouse (P. bicolor) indicate substantial genetic divergence (p = 0.04-0.09). Eleven of 14 enzymes produced fragment patterns that distinguish the two chickadees, revealing a bounty of markers for studies of these sibling species.
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Mack et al. (1986) studied this question.
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