Natural, Structural or Man-made Impediments: What Triggers Vulnerability in a Disaster-Prone Rural Pakistan?

Natural catastrophic events are beyond human control; however, human interventions exacerbating natural disasters can be managed through appropriate policy measures. This study evaluates disaster vulnerability in the rural areas of district Badin, Sindh province, Pakistan, using a primary survey data collected through a multistage sampling design (301 households in 15 communities). The main objective is to identify the key natural, structural, and man-made impediments contributing to vulnerability. The research computes a household-level Vulnerability and Capacity Index (VCI) and use descriptive statistics and group comparisons to assess differences between Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) and non-LBOD communities. Findings highlight that areas with significant human influence such as communities near the LBOD, are highly vulnerable. Environmental changes, including sea intrusion from the Arabian Sea intensified by upstream water mismanagement, have severely affected traditional livelihoods, groundwater quality, and arable land. These impacts extend to non-LBOD communities, further aggravating vulnerability. The study underscores the urgent need to rehabilitate and maintain critical man-made structures, ensure proper water management, and enhance local socio-economic conditions to reduce household-level vulnerability. Strengthening community networks, institutional support, and access to essential services can play a key role in building resilience in similar rural settings.