Stephen S. Ditchkoff, Edgar R. Welch, Jr., Robert L. Lochmiller, Ronald E. Masters, William R. Starry, Age-Specific Causes of Mortality among Male White-Tailed Deer Support Mate-Competition Theory, The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 65, No. 3 (Jul., 2001), pp. 552-559
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Ditchkoff et al. (2001) studied this question.
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