The intercalation of ethidium bromide in the chromonic lyotropic phases of drugs and nucleic acids

Chromonic liquid crystalline phases are formed by a variety of drug and dye/water systems. In contrast to conventional lyotropic phases (where micelle formation underlies the mesogenic properties), in chromonic systems the molecules stack in columns. The different chromonic phases are different arrangements of these columns. We have examined the solution of ethidium bromide (EB) in the well-documented chromonic Intal/water system. EB is a widely used nucleic acid stain which changes colour when intercalated into DNA and which becomes fluorescent. We have charted the changes in the temperature/composition phase diagram of the Intal/water system caused by adding EB. Although there are changes in the position of the phase boundaries, the overall pattern remains qualitatively the same—implying that the host phase is accepting EB as a similar chromonic molecule. The intercalation of EB molecules in the chromonic host phase results in optical effects—a metachromic colour change and fluorescence, similar to those occurring when the dye stains DNA. These observations strengthen our belief that the central stack of bases in DNA can be regarded as being chromonic in nature.