Model Organisms in Biological Research: Comparative Insights from Arabidopsis, Drosophila, and Mouse

Model organisms are indispensable tools in biological research, providing simplified, tractable systems for uncovering fundamental principles of life. This review focuses on three key models-Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster, and Mus musculus - that have shaped our understanding of genetics, development, physiology, and disease. Arabidopsis serves as the leading model in plant biology, enabling discoveries in gene regulation, hormone signalling, and environmental response. Drosophila, with its powerful genetic toolkit and short life cycle, has been pivotal in elucidating conserved developmental and signalling pathways relevant to human health. The mouse remains the gold standard in mammalian research, offering high genetic homology with humans and translational relevance in biomedical studies. Through comparative analysis, the unique advantages, applications, and evolving contributions of these organisms are highlighted. With advances in genome editing, omics technologies, and computational modelling, model systems will continue to drive innovation in science, addressing global challenges in medicine, agriculture, and environmental sustainability.