Magnitude and Composition of the Energy Surplus for Maximizing Muscle Hypertrophy: Implications for Bodybuilding and Physique Athletes

This review aimed to explore the nature of energy consumption for optimizing muscle growth in the presence of a resistance training program with a specific focus on implications for bodybuilders and physique athletes. Although gains in muscle mass can be achieved when resistance training is performed under hypocaloric conditions, research indicates that maximizing exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy requires an energy surplus. Herein, we discuss the interplay between total dietary energy intake and macronutrient ratios, and provide evidence-based guidelines as to how they should be manipulated to optimize muscular adaptations.