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Using digital methods, electric fields and paraxial electron trajectories in the two-tube electrostatic lens have been calculated, and the first-order (Gaussian) focal properties accurate to at least 0.1% were obtained for voltage ratios from 1.5 to 50. The results are presented in the form of P-Q (object-image position) curves for maximum ease of use.
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Natali et al. (1972) studied this question.
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