Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
The electromagnetic field is included in the proper-time formalism and quantized. All interaction and radiation effects except for vacuum polarization follow directly from the coupling of the quantized photon field to the first quantized electron. The nonlocal interaction makes the terms in the perturbation expansion finite. The many-electron theory is presented. A suitable interpretation of it permits the evaluation of vacuum polarization effects, preserving gauge invariance, and resulting in a finite charge renormalization.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
William C. Davidon (1955) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: