A microprocessor-based digital distance relay with improved performance in relation to low-frequency transient oscillation is introduced. New calculation algorithms for the distance element and directional element are discussed. This distance element delivers high measurement performance with an error of less than +or-3% against distorted transient waveforms containing low-frequency spectral components using a modified differential approximation algorithm based on a differential equation. The directional element utilizes a pseudo-vector product that is not affected by distortion waves for reliable direction judgement.>
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Ohura et al. (1989) studied this question.
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