Ozonation, electrochemical, and biological methods for the remediation of malachite green dye wastewaters: A mini review

The extensive usage of malachite green (MG) dyes in the fish and dye industries cause serious water pollution, leading to catastrophic effects on living organisms and the environment. In addressing the challenges of health risks related to the use of MG, different removal strategies have been studied and developed. This review presents the recent advances and mechanistic pathways involved in ozonation, electrochemical advanced oxidation (electrooxidation), and biological removal techniques for MG. The successful applications of these techniques in decontaminating water from MG are discussed. Furthermore, combined removal techniques for enhancing MG removal and for the reduction of operation costs are presented as it was shown in some cases to be more effective than individual remediation methods.