Space- and time-resolved spectroscopy is used to measure properties of several-keV Li atoms in a 20 TW ion diode. These measurements out in the diode anode-cathode gap are used in a charge-exchange model for the Li atom production in order to obtain the Li⁺ beam angular divergence within 50 {μ}m of the LiF-coated anode surface. This ion divergence near the surface is surprisingly large, and accounts for about half the typical 25 mrad final accelerated-beam divergence. The measurements provide constraints for models attempting to explain highly diverging ion emission from thin alkali-halide films in ~10MV/cm applied fields.
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Filuk et al. (1996) studied this question.