Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
In ambient atmosphere, a protuberant shock wave driven by laser-produced fast ions was observed by time-resolved photographs with 5-μm and 30-psec resolutions. This protuberant shock wave appeared only when the incident laser intensity exceeded 5×1013 W/cm2. At this intensity, the fast ions were observed using the charge collectors.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Azechi et al. (1977) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: