Precautions Related to Midline Sternotomy in Cardiac Surgery: A Review of Mechanical Stress Factors Leading to Sternal Complications

BACKGROUND: After midline sternotomy patients are instructed on activity precautions to avoid sternal wound complications. We questioned how restrictive these precautions must be, since they can lead to a postoperative decrease in quality of life. AIMS: To identify mechanical stress factors causing sternal instability and infection in order to create evidence based guidelines for activity following sternotomy. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: No evidence was found to support weight limitation regarding activity, as long as the upper arms are kept close to the body and activity is within a pain-free range. RECOMMENDATIONS: Avoid stretching both arms backwards at the same time (10 days); loaded activities should be done with the elbows close to the body (eight weeks); only move arms within a pain-free range; use leg rolling with counterweighing when getting in and out of bed; when coughing cross the arms in a "self-hugging" posture; supportive bra or vest is recommended when breast cup>or=D, body mass index>or=35 or frequent cough. CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into mechanical stress factors acting upon sternum and the overlying skin. RECOMMENDATIONS on activity precautions based on these finding have a patient supportive approach focusing on possibilities and not restrictions.