Only a little more than ten years ago the first case was described in which the mutationally induced loss of ability to catalyze a specific biochemical reaction was associated with the absence of the enzyme normally required for the reaction (Mitchell and Lein, 1948). More recently, it has been shown that mutational changes lead to many different types of enzyme alterations and that mutant proteins resembling the normal enzyme are often formed (Fincham, 1959; Yanofsky and St. Lawrence, 1960). With the development of techniques that can distinguish a mutant protein from the normal where the mutant protein differs by a single amino acid substitution (Ingram, 1958), it has become possible to study the effects of mutation in terms of alterations in the primary structure of specific proteins. Ingram and subsequent workers (Ingram, 1961) have, in fact, shown that several inherited abnormal forms of human hemoglobin differ from normal adult...
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Yanofsky et al. (1961) studied this question.