This article highlights several of the major psychological theories of instruction from Thorndike through Skinner and others, and traces several practical applications. These include the precursors of computer-based instruction and major developments in computer-assisted and computer-managed systems on mainframe and microcomputers. Despite breakthroughs in theory, hardware, software, as well as effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, computer-based instruction has yet to fulfill its potential for widespread application in American education.
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Niemiec et al. (1989) studied this question.
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