Treating the weak-sideband fields quantum mechanically, we study the effects of quantum noise on amplitude-modulation and frequency-modulation spectroscopy of two-level media. Our analysis demonstrates that quantum noise affects not only the intensities of the modulation sidebands but also their relative phase, which leads in particular to a quantum limit for frequency-modulation spectroscopy.
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Holm et al. (1986) studied this question.
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