This paper reviews the development, status and current capabilities of GPS. The modernization improvements planned for GPS are then discussed and summarized, including brief descriptions of the additional features planned for the spacecraft, the control segment and the user equipment. A discussion is presented of the impact of the system modernization plans and activities in improving the performance of the four principal operating modes of GPS. The implications of the GPS modernization and enhancement activities and their relationship to the analogous European Galileo program activities and other GNSS efforts are covered. Several technical, policy and implementation concerns relating to the timely deployment of the improvements to GPS are briefly addressed.
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Keith D. McDonald (2002) studied this question.