Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic pulses radiated by lightning are an effective tool for probing the D region ionosphere. We detect and measure the D region ionospheric disturbances caused by the strong lightning flash by analyzing the broadband VLF spectrum from lightning that occurred just before and after a nearby intense lightning discharge. Comparing the measured electron density changes to those from previous measurements and the theoretical expectations, we find the detected perturbations are consistent with the theoretically predicted ionization changes produced directly by the lightning electromagnetic pulse.
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Cheng et al. (2005) studied this question.
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