Continuous electrical stimulation (3.5 μ amp; 1 sine wave cycle per second) of tissue culture human embryonic fibroblasts in the presence of HCL demineralized bone significantly transformed the normal cells. After 8 to 12 days of stimulation, the cells lost the capacity to form sheets; the central nucleus moved peripherally and the cells acted as phagocytes; and multinuclear cells in association with bone showed osteoclastlike properties.
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Benjamin B. Kamrin (1974) studied this question.
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