We analyze a system comprising a one-dimensional single-mode waveguide (a) coupled directly to a two-level atom (b) side-coupled to a cavity containing a two-level atom and show that in both cases it is possible to invert the atom with a single-photon pulse. In contrast to the semiclassical π pulse, the inverting single-photon pulse is unique.
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Rephaeli et al. (2010) studied this question.