VOC Accumulation and Pore Filling in Unsaturated Porous Media

A series of unsaturated column experiments was conducted to study different grain-scale accumulation mechanisms affecting total uptake of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) onto a model solid and subsequent removal of VOCs from the porous media. Experimental variables included VOC (benzene, methylbenzene, 1,4-dimethylbenzene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), moisture content (primarily water-unsaturated conditions), and influent VOC concentration. Calculations of the mass distributions of benzene indicated that it was primarily in the aqueous and air phases with a small fraction at the air−water interface. Similar calculations for the other VOCs indicated that greater than 50% of the accumulated mass of these VOCs was located within intraparticle pores and on the substrate surface. Analysis of the sorption data in terms of a pore-filling model support the hypothesis that a capillary phase separation (CPS) process occurred within the pores and produced a neat, separate VOC phase. We suggest that CPS will become more critical in materials with small mesopores or micropores, and that it is partly responsible for the existence of a resistant fraction of VOCs present within water-filled intraparticle pores.