Corneal ulceration: diagnosis, management and emerging therapies

Corneal ulceration is a common and potentially sight-threatening ophthalmic condition encountered in veterinary practice. Prompt recognition, accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications such as microbial keratitis, corneal melting and globe perforation. This article reviews corneal anatomy, the pathophysiology of ulcer formation, and the clinical signs that should raise suspicion of ulcerative disease. Practical guidance is provided on diagnostic techniques including fluorescein staining, cytology and culture and sensitivity sampling. Medical management strategies are discussed, with emphasis on analgesia, antimicrobial stewardship and the use of anticollagenases in cases at risk of corneal melting. Emerging therapies, including targeted UVC light treatment, are also explored. The article aims to equip veterinary nurses with the knowledge and confidence to support clinicians, optimise patient care and improve outcomes in animals with corneal ulceration.