We demonstrate a silicon 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) optical modulator. Unlike traditional 16-QAM optical modulator with two Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) driven by two four-level electrical signals, the device is based on four MZMs driven by four binary electrical signals. With the simple electrical driving configuration, the device generates a 16-QAM optical signal at 20 Gbaud with an error vector magnitude of 13.7%.
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Ding et al. (2017) studied this question.
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