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With the ever-increasing popularity of online instruction in education or e-learning in corporate training, there is a strong need for developing an effective instructional design model to facilitate the development and delivery of online learning environments. A poor-designed online course often confuses online students, loses their focus, and makes them feel frustrated. Online students will not know where to start, what to do, when to communicate, and how to learn if an online course is not well-designed. Thus, developing a pedagogically effective instructional design model is essential now more than ever as more and more learning moves to virtual classrooms.
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Li-Ling Chen (2016) studied this question.
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